NOTE 1 Operation includes switching, controlling, monitoring and maintenance as well as any work activities

a) autonomous operation

also known as stand-alone operation (3.3.52i)

b) backfeed operation

mode of operation when electric power flows from a generating system into a utility grid

NOTE 2 Backfeed operation arises when the generating system generates more electricity than is used by local electrical loads

c) grid-connected operation

mode of operation in which a PV system is electrifying loads in parallel with a utility grid

NOTE 3 In a grid-connected operation, site loads will be electrified by either or both the utility or the PV system

NOTE 4 Electricity will be able to flow into the utility if the utility permits backfeed operation

d) grid-dependent operation

mode of operation in which a grid-connected inverter depends on the utility grid to initiate and continue the inverter's operation

e) islanding operation

mode of operation for operating an island

NOTE 5 Islanding operation includes maintaining frequency, voltage, power reserve, and instantaneous active and reactive power requirements

f) isolated operation

stable and temporary operation of a discrete part of a grid

NOTE 6 See also IEV 603-04-33

g) off-grid operation

also known as stand-alone operation (3.3.52i)

h) parallel operation

mode of operation when a grid-connected generator is supplying electricity to the grid or site loads at the same time as a utility grid

NOTE 7 Parallel operation is also known as grid-parallel operation

i) stand-alone operation

mode of operation in which loads are electrified solely by the PV system and not in parallel with a utility grid