IEVref:113-07-39ID:
Language:enStatus: Standard
Term: four-velocity
Synonym1: 4-velocity
[Preferred]
Synonym2:
Synonym3:
Symbol: u _ _ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaWaaWqaaeaacaWG1baaaa aa@34B1@
Definition: derivative of position four-vector with respect to proper time u _ _ := d x _ _ / dτ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaWaaWqaaeaacaWG1baaai aacQdacqGH9aqpdaWcgaqaaiacaYNGKbWaaWqaaeaacaWG4baaaaqa aiaacsgacaaHepaaaaaa@3BBA@

Note 1 to entry: Letter symbol u MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGaamyDaaaa@34A0@ is used to distinguish this quantity from the relative velocity v MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGaamODaaaa@34A1@ .

Note 2 to entry: Four-velocity is a four-vector analogous to velocity in three-dimensional space.

Note 3 to entry: u _ _ := d r _ _ dτ = d r _ _ dt dt dτ =γ( j c 0 ; r ˙ )=γ( j c 0 ; v ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaWaaWqaaeaacaWG1baaai aacQdacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiacacTGKbWaaWqaaeaacaWGYbaaaaqa aiaacsgacaaHepaaaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaiai0csgadaadbaqaai aadkhaaaaabaGaaiizaiaadshaaaWaaSaaaeaacaGGKbGaamiDaaqa aiaacsgacaaHepaaaiabg2da9iaaeo7adaqadaqaaiaabQgacaWGJb WaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaai4oaiaaysW7ceWGYbGbaSGbaiaa aiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGH9aqpcaaHZoWaaeWaaeaacaqGQbGaam4yam aaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacUdacaaMc8UaaGjbVlqadAhagaWc aaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@5BC8@ or u _ _ :=( u 0 , u 1 , u 2 , u 3 ):=( γj c 0 ,γ v x ,γ v y ,γ v z )=γ( j c 0 ; v ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaWaaWqaaeaacaWG1baaai aacQdacqGH9aqpdaqadaqaaiaadwhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGc caGGSaGaamyDamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacYcacaWG1bWaaS baaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaadwhadaWgaaWcbaGaaG4maaqa baaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacaGG6aGaeyypa0ZaaeWaaeaacaaHZoGaaC jaVlaabQgacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaaeo7a caWLa8UaamODamaaBaaaleaacaqG4baabeaakiaacYcacaaHZoGaaC jaVlaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaaeyEaaqabaGccaGGSaGaaq4SdiaaxcW7 caWG2bWaaSbaaSqaaiaabQhaaeqaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyypa0 Jaaq4SdiaaxcW7daqadaqaaiaabQgacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicda aeqaaOGaiakWcUdaceWG2bGbaSaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@66C1@ where γ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbb a9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabeo7aNbaa@3792@ is Lorentz factor, j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGaaeOAaaaa@3493@ is the imaginary unit, and c 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaaca aIWaaabeaaaaa@3574@ is speed of light in vacuum.

Note 4 to entry: The squared four-magnitude of four-velocity, i.e. μ u μ u μ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaWaaabeaeaacaWG1bWaaS baaSqaaiaaeY7aaeqaaaqaaiaaeY7aaeqaniabggHiLdGccaWG1bWa aSbaaSqaaiaaeY7aaeqaaaaa@3BA3@ , is always equal to c 0 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0Iaam4yamaaDa aaleaacaaIWaaabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@371E@ .

For example, if v =( 4 5 c 0 ;0;0 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGabmODayaalaGaeyypa0 ZaaeWaaeGabaqXimaalaaabaGaaGinaaqaaiaaiwdaaaGaam4yamaa BaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacUdacaaIWaGaai4oaiaaicdaaiaawI cacaGLPaaaaaa@3E69@ , then β= 4 5 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGaaqOSdiabg2da9maala aabaGaaGinaaqaaiaaiwdaaaaaaa@3774@ , γ= 5 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGaaq4Sdiabg2da9maala aabaGaaGynaaqaaiaaiodaaaaaaa@3774@ and u _ _ =( 5 3 j c 0 ; 4 3 c 0 ;0;0 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX garuavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgarqqtubsr4rNCHbGe aGqipu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm 0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9ad baGaaiGaciGacmaaceGaaiGacaabaaGcbaGabmyDayaaDyaaDaGaey ypa0ZaaeWaaeGabaqXimaalaaabaGaaGynaaqaaiaaiodaaaGaciOA aiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGccaGG7aWaaSaaaeaacaaI0a aabaGaaG4maaaacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaai4oaiaa icdacaGG7aGaaGimaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@43AE@ , so that μ u μ u μ = c 0 2 .

Note 5 to entry: The coherent SI unit of four-velocity is metre per second, m s 1 .


Publication date:2022-06
Source
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Internal notes:2022-08-22: Note 4 to entry, last equation, corrected to add minus sign before c02. Correct in "C00077 - Addition of section 07 on Relativity to IEV part 113 - Evaluation"; conversion error. JGO
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